In Ancient
Greece, women's lives were strictly defined by their social status and role in
society. Wealthy women and hetaerae were two very different categories that
illustrate the contrast in the position of women in the ancient world.
The Life of Wealthy Women
Wealthy women in Ancient Greece
led isolated and restricted lives, mainly within the home. They spent their
time in the gynecium - a special section for women - and rarely left the house
except for special occasions, such as religious holidays or shopping at the
women's market, accompanied by maids. Their main role was to take care of the
household, children, and slaves. They did not participate in public life and
were not educated. Their main social function was to provide offspring and
maintain the family property through dowries.
Wealthy women did not work, and
their daily lives were devoid of intellectual pursuits. They engaged in
needlework or looked at jewelry. Even the nursing of children was often
entrusted to slaves.
Hetaerae, the Independent Women of Ancient Greece
Hetaerae, on the other hand, were
highly educated and independent women who stood out sharply from the
traditional role of women in Greek society. They were often foreigners or freed
slaves who managed to amass wealth and influence through their connections with
influential men. Hetaerae were respected for their intellect and culture, which
made them desirable participants in symposia – social gatherings where
philosophical and literary topics were discussed.
These women not only entertained
the men with dance and music, but also actively participated in the
conversations, demonstrating knowledge of philosophy, literature and the arts.
Their role resembled that of Japanese geishas – they were companions to men
both intellectually and emotionally.
Hetaerae had economic independence
and could choose their patrons. They were not necessarily married and often
avoided marriage as it would have restricted their freedom. Famous hetaerae,
such as Thais of Athens (mistress of Alexander the Great), left a lasting mark
on history with their beauty, skills, and influence.
Social contrast
While wealthy women were strictly
confined to the domestic sphere, hetaerae challenged traditional norms with
their freedom and education. However, hetaerae were not entirely equal to men
either – they depended on the patronage of wealthy citizens and were often the
object of a mixture of admiration and contempt.
These two models show the
complexity of the position of women in ancient Greece – from the isolated role
of wealthy housewives to the cultural influence of educated hetaerae.
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